A Novel Rat Model to Simulate the Benign Esophageal Stricture Induced by Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection.

Objective: This study aimed to establish a rat model that simulates benign esophageal strictures induced by endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). Materials and Methods: Sixteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into mucosal resection (n = 8) and sham-operated groups (n = 8). The rats in the mucosal resection group underwent a 5-mm three-fourths mucosal resection by way of a 3-mm incision in the distal esophagus under direct visualization via laparotomy. Rats in the sham-operated group underwent a 3-mm incision of the muscularis propria layer in the distal esophagus via laparotomy without mucosal resection. Dysphagia score, weight gain, mucosal constriction rate, and histology were evaluated 2 weeks after surgery. Results: Technical success was achieved in all the animals. One rat in the mucosal resection group died of infection, and no other complications were observed. Weight gain (P < 0.001) and luminal diameter derived from the esophagograms (P < 0.001) were significantly lower in the mucosal resection group than those in the sham-operated group. Dysphagia score (P < 0.001) and mucosal constriction rate (P < 0.001) were significantly higher in the mucosal resection group than those in the sham-operated group. The inflammation grade (P = 0.002), damage to the muscularis propria (P < 0.001), number of nascent microvessels (P = 0.006), and degree of α-SMA positive deposition (P = 0.006) were significantly higher in the mucosal resection group. Conclusion: A rat model of benign esophageal stricture induced by ESD was successfully and safely established by mucosal resection.

Modified Patent Hemostasis Strategy Based on the Platelet Counts for Transradial Access Chemoembolization in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Prospective Single-Center Study.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the shortest compression time to achieve hemostasis and the optimal hemostasis strategy in patients treated with transradial access chemoembolization (TRA-TACE). Methods: From October 2019 to October 2021, 119 consecutive patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who underwent 134 sessions of TRA-TACE were included in this prospective single-center study. The compression time was measured by decompressing the device for 30 min, and thereafter, every 10 min after the procedure until complete hemostasis was achieved. Results: Technical success was achieved for all TRA procedures. None of the patients experienced major TRA-related adverse events. Minor adverse events occurred in 7.5% of the patients. The mean compression time was 31.8 ± 5.0 min. Factors that may impact hemostasis were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analyses, and a platelet count < 100×109 /L (p = 0.016, odds ratio = 3.942) was found to be an independent factor that could predict the failure to achieve hemostasis within 30 min. For patients with a platelet count < 100×109 /L, the compression time required to achieve hemostasis was 60 min. For patients with a platelet count ≥ 100×109 /L, the compression time required to achieve hemostasis was 40 min. Conclusion: To achieve hemostasis in patients with HCC treated with TRA-TACE, compression for 60 min is sufficient for those with a platelet count < 100×109 /L, and compression for 40 min is sufficient for those with a platelet count ≥ 100×109 /L.

Microwave ablation versus laparoscopic resection as first-line therapy for solitary 3-5-cm HCC.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The study objective was to compare the effectiveness of microwave ablation (MWA) and laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) on solitary 3-5-cm HCC over time. APPROACH AND RESULTS: From 2008 to 2019, 1289 patients from 12 hospitals were enrolled in this retrospective study. Diagnosis of all lesions were based on histopathology. Propensity score matching was used to balance all baseline variables between the two groups in 2008-2019 (n = 335 in each group) and 2014-2019 (n = 257 in each group) cohorts, respectively. For cohort 2008-2019, during a median follow-up of 35.8 months, there were no differences in overall survival (OS) between MWA and LLR (HR: 0.88, 95% CI 0.65-1.19, p = 0.420), and MWA was inferior to LLR regarding disease-free survival (DFS) (HR 1.36, 95% CI 1.05-1.75, p = 0.017). For cohort 2014-2019, there was comparable OS (HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.56-1.30, p = 0.460) and approached statistical significance for DFS (HR 1.33, 95% CI 0.98-1.82, p = 0.071) between MWA and LLR. Subgroup analyses showed comparable OS in 3.1-4.0-cm HCCs (HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.53-1.47, p = 0.630) and 4.1-5.0-cm HCCs (HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.37-1.60, p = 0.483) between two modalities. For both cohorts, MWA shared comparable major complications (both p > 0.05), shorter hospitalization, and lower cost to LLR (all p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: MWA might be a first-line alternative to LLR for solitary 3-5-cm HCC in selected patients with technical advances, especially for patients unsuitable for LLR.

Technetium-99m-labeled macroaggregated albumin lung perfusion scan for diagnosis of hepatopulmonary syndrome: A prospective study comparing brain uptake and whole-body uptake.

BACKGROUND: Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is an arterial oxygenation defect induced by intrapulmonary vascular dilatation (IPVD) in the setting of liver disease and/or portal hypertension. This syndrome occurs most often in cirrhotic patients (4%-32%) and has been shown to be detrimental to functional status, quality of life, and survival. The diagnosis of HPS in the setting of liver disease and/or portal hypertension requires the demonstration of IPVD (i.e., diffuse or localized abnormally dilated pulmonary capillaries and pulmonary and pleural arteriovenous communications) and arterial oxygenation defects, preferably by contrast-enhanced echocardiography and measurement of the alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient, respectively. AIM: To compare brain and whole-body uptake of technetium for diagnosing HPS. METHODS: Sixty-nine patients with chronic liver disease and/or portal hypertension were prospectively included. Brain uptake and whole-body uptake were calculated using the geometric mean of technetium counts in the brain and lungs and in the entire body and lungs, respectively. RESULTS: Thirty-two (46%) patients had IPVD as detected by contrast-enhanced echocardiography. The demographics and clinical characteristics of the patients with and without IPVD were not significantly different with the exception of the creatinine level (0.71 ± 0.18 mg/dL vs 0.83 ± 0.23 mg/dL; P = 0.041), alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient (23.2 ± 13.3 mmHg vs 16.4 ± 14.1 mmHg; P = 0.043), and arterial partial pressure of oxygen (81.0 ± 12.1 mmHg vs 90.1 ± 12.8 mmHg; P = 0.004). Whole-body uptake was significantly higher in patients with IPVD than in patients without IPVD (48.0% ± 6.1% vs 40.1% ± 8.1%; P = 0.001). The area under the curve of whole-body uptake for detecting IPVD was significantly higher than that of brain uptake (0.75 vs 0.54; P = 0.025). The optimal cut-off values of brain uptake and whole-body uptake for detecting IPVD were 5.7% and 42.5%, respectively, based on Youden's index. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of brain uptake > 5.7% and whole-body uptake > 42.5% for detecting IPVD were 23%, 89%, and 59% and 100%, 52%, and 74%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Whole-body uptake is superior to brain uptake for diagnosing HPS.

High-Density 3D-Boron Nitride and 3D-Graphene for High-Performance Nano-Thermal Interface Material.

Compression studies on three-dimensional foam-like graphene and h-BN (3D-C and 3D-BN) revealed their high cross-plane thermal conductivity (62-86 W m-1 K-1) and excellent surface conformity, characteristics essential for thermal management needs. Comparative studies to state-of-the-art materials and other materials currently under research for heat dissipation revealed 3D-foam's improved performance (20-30% improved cooling, temperature decrease by ΔT of 44-24 °C).

Liver resection in hepatitis B related-hepatocellular carcinoma: clinical outcomes and safety in elderly patients.

AIM: To compare the morbidity and mortality in young and elderly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients undergoing liver resection. METHODS: We retrospectively enrolled 1543 consecutive hepatitis B (HBV)-related HCC patients undergoing elective hepatic resection in our cohort, including 207 elderly patients (≥ 65 years) and 1336 younger patients (＜ 65 years). Patient characteristics and clinical outcomes after liver resection were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Elderly patients had more preoperative comorbidities and lower alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels. Positive rates for hepatitis B surface antigen (P ＜ 0.001), hepatitis B e antigen (P ＜ 0.001) and HBV DNA (P = 0.017) were more common in younger patients. Overall complications and their severity classified using the Clavien system were similar in the two groups (33.3% vs 29.6%, P = 0.271). Elderly patients had a higher rate of postoperative cardiovascular complications (3.9% vs 0.6%, P = 0.001), neurological complications (2.9% vs 0.4%, P ＜ 0.001) and mortality (3.4% vs 1.2%, P = 0.035), and had more hospital stay requirement (13 d vs 12 d , P < 0.001) and more intensive care unit stay (36.7% vs 27.8%, P = 0.008) compared with younger patients. However, postoperative hepatic insufficiency was more common in the younger group (7.7% vs 3.4%, P = 0.024). CONCLUSION: Hepatectomy can be safely performed in elderly patients. Age should not be regarded as a contraindication to liver resection with expected higher complication and mortality rates.